Criminal Justice Practice Exam

Who argued that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type, recognizable by physical characteristics or stigmata such as enormous jaws and insensitivity to pain?

1. Cesare Beccaria

2. William Shatter

3. Cesare Lombroso

4. Johann Casper Lavater

The correct answer is: Cesare Lombroso

Cesare Lombroso is known for his theory of the "born criminal," which posits that certain individuals are predisposed to criminal behavior based on their physical characteristics. Lombroso's work in the late 19th century was groundbreaking in the field of criminology, as he attempted to link biological factors to criminal tendencies. He famously identified specific physical traits, or "stigmata," that he believed were indicative of criminality, such as an asymmetrical face, large jaws, and a lack of sensitivity to pain. This concept suggested that these individuals could be identified and distinguished from non-criminals based solely on their physical appearance. Lombroso's approach marked the beginning of the positivist school of criminology, which focuses on the idea that crime has identifiable causes beyond free will and moral choice, exploring the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors. His theories sparked significant discussion and debate within the fields of criminal justice and sociology, contributing to the understanding of crime and the discussion surrounding the nature versus nurture debate in behavior.