Criminal Justice Practice Exam

Which of the following terms refers to the societal reaction to behaviors perceived as deviant?

1. Labeling

2. Stigmatization

3. Cultural Deviance

4. Social Conditioning

The correct answer is: Labeling

The term that refers to the societal reaction to behaviors perceived as deviant is "labeling." This concept is rooted in labeling theory, which suggests that the labels society places on individuals can significantly impact their self-identity and their future behavior. When someone is labeled as deviant, it can lead to a process where they adopt the behaviors associated with that label. Labeling is important in understanding how societal perceptions shape individual identities and actions; it emphasizes the role of social context and interactions in defining what is considered deviant. The act of labeling can lead to further deviance as individuals may internalize these labels and modify their behavior accordingly. This is an essential concept in criminology and sociology, leading to discussions about prejudice, discrimination, and the reinforcement of social norms. Stigmatization, while related, specifically focuses on the negative implications and societal ostracism that arise from being labeled, instead of the broader process of labeling itself. Cultural deviance refers to behaviors that go against societal norms but does not encompass the reaction of society to those behaviors. Social conditioning involves the processes by which individuals are taught the norms and values of their society and does not specifically address the reactions to deviance.